Preventing Conflicts And Disputes As A Project Manager

Preventing Conflicts And Disputes As A Project Manager Project management is an important aspect of an organization and a main factor for successful completion of a project. In todays changing times tools such as project management, if used properly can provide a useful way for organizations to manage that change effectively. Managing construction projects is a complex undertaking. The quality of a project is the result of many factors the quality of Project Manger is one such factor. Project manager make things happen on a project. A project needs a good planning, organization management which would bring out the maximum benefits for the organization and this can be only achieved by a good leader-Project manager. Another area which needs a lot of attention in an organization is conflicts disputes. Conflict is an inevitable aspect of an organization. It can be destructive as well as functional and it depends on the project manager to resolve the conflict in a manner so that it does not lead to the loss for an organization. There have been many past studies on project success factors affecting project success. These include Project managers competence, control systems responsibilities, selection of teams, politics, contracting solving of conflicts, proper allocation of resources etc. Effective project management begins with selecting and prioritizing projects that support the firms strategy and mission. Project managers have to plan and budget projects as well as orchestrate the contributions of others. Social-skills, decision making skills, problem handling skills, opportunities recognizing skills, and management of conflicts are certain personal attributes of a project manager affecting p roject success. The main aim of study is to find different attributes of a project manager which would help in overcoming all the challenges faced while working on a project as this marks the success of any organization. Project manager plays a very important role in a successful working of any organization and the aim of this study is to deeply study all those attributes which a project manager must have to become a good leader who can manage his team well extract maximum benefits out of them within the limits of time, money resources. Projects are inherently uncertain face unexpected events, from small changes to unforeseen changes like conflicts within organization, with the client, resource unavailability, etc. Project Manager forms a link between the top management the other employees so it is the responsibility of the project manager to maintain a good balance between both. The conflict can arise in top management as well as other employees. The aim of the study is to see how project manag ers respond to such events. As this forms a major reason for the success of any organization, the aim is to give an in depth study of these characteristics of a good project manager which is profitable for all the organizations draw a critical relationship between the Project Managers managerial attributes, the use of key project management principles, practices project performance. The study would also recommend some methodological processes, conceptual frameworks, experiments, experiences some conclusions drawn from various studies done in various companies compare contrast them with previous studies to attain a broad analysis for successful working of a project manager his role in successful completion of a project within the given constraints. Initially the study would examine what a project is, what project management is and what is the role of a project manager. Then the study would examine the causes, types effects of conflict followed by the ways they can be resolved the role of Project manager in conflict resolution. SEARCH STRATEGY The search strategy starts with an aim objective in mind. The aim the objective of present study are as follows: AIM: To study the roles responsibilities of an effective Project Manager analyze what attributes of a Project Manager are required to resolve different conflicts in an organization. OBJECTIVES: To define Project Project Management. To define the roles responsibilities of an effective quality Project Manager. To define conflict, examine its causes, types, core processes effects in an organization. To examine what attributes of a Project Manager are required to manage Conflict effectively. The key words used in the study include: Project, Project Management, Project Manager quality, Project manager roles, Unexpected events, Conflict, Conflict Management, work performance of Project Manager, Managerial attributes, Project Performance, Power, Politics, organizational politics, leadership, communication, motivation, managing project teams, project stakeholders, project life cycle. These words are relevant for the search because they cover the required objectives of the study. They help in finding the appropriate journal papers, links or other information regarding the different aspects of a project, project management, Project manager, conflict conflict management by a project manager. These words help in finding information that can describe the overall aim objectives of the study. The other sources of information include: Search engine used: Science direct, Scopus, Google Scholar, Engineering Village. Other sources: Project Management: the managerial process 4e by Gray Larson. Business Psychology Organizational Behavior by Eugene McKenna. Commercial Management of Projects defining the discipline by Dawid Lowe with Roine Leiringer. Industrial Organizational Psychology by John B. Miner. www.ogc.gov.uk www.apm.org.uk REVIEWS OF FOUR JOURNAL PAPERS: Project Quality project managers: This journal paper Project Quality Project managers- http://tinyurl.com/24d9ue8 emphasizes on the fact that a successful project requires sound project management practices and for any project management system to be effective, a project must be managed by a project manager who exhibits high quality managerial attributes. The research discussed in the paper is sponsored by the Construction Industry Institute. The main purpose of the paper is to confirm the critical relationship between the use of key project management principles, practices project performance. The paper emphasizes on the effective project management practices their use by project managers at all levels during a project life cycle. The paper argues that the relationship between a Project Managers managerial attributes project success is indirect. The project performance is affected by the effective application of project management principles by a project manager. Further the paper also argues that the high quality managerial attributes are an equally important contributor to project success and commensurate with high quality technical skills. The paper presents the key principles recommended practices such as strategic project organizing, design effectiveness, project control management of quality articulated by the Construction Industry Institute (CII) the Business Roundtables Construction Industry Cost Effectiveness (CICE) project. They are believed to have the strongest effect on project performance. The paper clearly defines the objectives scope of the research. The data does not only give theoretical results but also provides empirical support by acquiring data through detailed questionnaire developed to survey 400 construction companies where the respondents provide individual views based on their experiences on projects in the heavy engineering, building industrial construction sectors. This paper also provides strategies to improve project manager effectiveness. This helps in deeper understanding of the managers ability to consistently produce project success. However this paper considers only the aspect of project Manager as the factor for project success. Project success could be assessed not only on project management techniques but also on other external factors. The Project Manager must also allow the client to take equal responsibility of the project. It is important to determine the expectations importance of each customer in the project by the project manager as t his also marks one of the factors for successful running of project. [1,2] Along with leadership skills there is also a need of emotional competencies and as the project managers progress they need to enhance their leadership competencies particularly developing the emotional dimensions. [3] This paper also does not examine the working environment affecting the performance of project managers. This is important not only for determining the success of a project, but also in continual of the good performance of project managers. [4] The research done by CII CICE indicates that the critical factor to project success is the quality of a Project Manager. Managing construction projects is a complex undertaking requires many factors. The quality of Project Manger is one such factor. Project Manager needs to stress different attributes at different times over the life of a project to make the project successful. Many Project Managers are perceived to lack the requisite managerial skills so new strategies such as increased pre appointment training, mentor system, careful selection of potential project managers etc are suggested to improve the quality of an effective Project Manager. 2) Conflict its management: This journal article http://tinyurl.com/37skcfr presents a detailed analysis of conflict its management by disputants themselves or by third parties such as Project Managers, mediators etc. The paper first examines the causes, core processes effects of conflict subsequently probes into conflict escalation de-escalation, context conflict management. In the end the paper also concludes some suggestions for future research provides recommendations for practicing managers. The article highlights the issues by reviewing certain scholarly reviews of the conflict literature which have already been published. The major purpose of the article is to draw attention towards the inevitable unanticipated nature of conflict and how these can be managed by disputants or by third parties such as Project Managers who play an important role in conflict management. The article defines conflict as a process where one party perceives that its interests are being opposed or negatively affected by another party. It then goes onto explain the causes of conflict like individual characteristics, inter-personal factors, communication, behavior, etc. It explains the effects of conflicts on individuals organization subsequently determines the concept of conflict escalation de-escalation. It then unfolds the conflict context which has been approached from 4 different perspectives: (i) A description of the conflict setting, (ii) A reference to the independent variables, (iii) The environment in which the conflict is embedded (iv) The structural level or paradigm of the conflict. The article then explores the role of disputants in managing conflict such as Perspective (establish co-operative goals, note the alternatives etc), descriptive ( agree to symbols of defeat, compromise, convert the opponent etc) the role of third parties such as Project manager tactics (adopting appropriate leadership styles, group-discussions, encouraging negotiations etc), mediation, arbitration, conciliation recapitulation. The article helps in deeper understanding of all the phases of conflict, its inevitable nature, its effects causes. It not only explains the conflict phases , its management but also gives research managerial suggestions for future references. The suggestions provided though are beneficial for the practicing managers but should have been more detailed provide with examples to help in clear understanding of the point. It is important to identify five modes of conflict resolution such as confronting, compromising, smoothing, forcing avoiding. [5] This article does not mention any cognitive analysis. Cognitive analysis approach( identifying conflict domain, generation of conflict cases, exercise of judgment, analysis of result cognitive feedback) identifies cognitive difference between the parties as the main source of conflict which needs to be taken care by a Project manager.[6] An awareness of the potential approaches to conflict resolution and the understanding of their consequ ences can provide project managers with a invaluable set of tools to create an optimal work environment. The article concludes that a conflict is self-generating inevitable in an organization. The conflict process is dynamic, self-perpetuating constantly changing: like effects become causes; original causes may disappear; new causes arise; the number of parties change etc. This makes conflict management a difficult target. Project Manager plays an important role in recognizing conflicts managing them as and when required. Conflict is prevalent cannot be recognized at all times so its management requires a lot of efforts. The challenge for organizational leaders and project managers is to try to maintain the right balance and intensity of conflict in project management. By utilizing project management principles, understanding the dynamics of conflict, and learning approaches to conflict resolution, managers will be able to establish an environment in which creativity and innovation is encouraged and project goals are accomplished. [7] 3) The Titanic sunk, so what? Project manager response to unexpected events. The journal article http://tinyurl.com/364k9rb studies the responses of Project manager to unexpected events during a project life cycle. This paper stresses on the point that unanticipated events are inevitable in a project the project success depends on the responses of the project manager to such events. This paper explores the gap between the practice success by defining three elements namely: Event, Response the perceived success. The article compares contrasts the successful unsuccessful responses to draw attention on successful practices. As responding to unexpected events is a fundamental function in project management, an analysis of 44 unexpected events faced by 22 experienced Project Managers in defense defense related organizations was conducted in the given study. The participants were asked to think of significant unforeseeable events during the project which took them by surprise or were unknown or unpredicted their responses were recorded to such events. The research was designed using a grid to unfold the differences between successful unsuccessful responses to unexpected events from the perspective of a project manager. The results found that some participants had difficulty in identifying unknown-unknowns ( circumstances, events outcomes that were not identified in the first place) from known-unknowns ( circumstances, events or outcomes that have been identified as possibly existing, but do not know whether they will take place or not). The ability to identify possible risks reflects the experience of the participants. The main purpose of the paper is to draw the importance of unexpected events during a project which many times are just neglected by Managers to study their responses in such events. These unexpected events threaten the viability of a project. The study carried on groups organizations looked at the behavior of individuals during crisis like situation. An Adapted Repertory Grid (RepGrid) method was used to explore the unexpected events their responses. The data was collected in three steps namely: discussion on each event to derive an overview of what happened in each event, response monitoring finally evaluation of the internal validity of data. The study revealed that successful responses were organic based on three pillars: A responsive functioning structure at organizational level, good interpersonal relationships at group level competent people at the individual level. The study gives an idea of responses to unexpected events their evaluation as success or failure. Certain studies suggest that conflict develops not only in environmental circumstances but in the styles used by individuals when confronted with a conflict. The manner in which a person responds to organizational decision and uncertainty will influence the responses of others and the individuals work experience. [8] But this has again beeen contradicted by concluding that a Project managers previous experience has a minimal impact on the projects performance whereas the size of the previous managed project does affect the managers performance.[9]. However some researchers found no relationship between project success project size. [10] The results conclude that the successful responses to unexpected events lie within the three pillars: Responses functioning structure, Good interpersonal relations Competent people. Simple, responsible functioning structures are highlighted by the study participants as fundamental pillars of success. The analysis suggests that there is a need to refrain from merely adopting a process based approach to predict all possible events. It should be understood that the combination of structure, people, relationship are more likely to enable a successful response to an unanticipated event. The result emphasizes to focus on behavioral aspects of project management further draws attention on successful unsuccessful responses of project managers to such events. 4) Understanding the role of politics in successful project management: This journal paper http://tinyurl.com/2va3ass links the ability of project manager other key players in an organization to understand the importance of organizational politics which is one of the major factors of conflict as a sign towards successful project management. Politics is most often regarded as damaging but common experiences acknowledge that politics often one of the prime moving forces within any organization for better or worse. The main purpose of this paper is to draw attention towards the role of politics in successful project management identifying ways in which Project managers can use politics in a positive effective manner. It focuses on the point that Project Management politics are inextricably linked. Successful managers are those who understand that their job consists of more than simply being technically managerially competent. Power politics is rarely addressed in project management but it needs to be understood that their presence is ubiquitous their impact is significant. The paper points to three modes of power: Authority, Status influence illustrates that these are the key problems faced by Project Manager in attempting to develop their projects in organizations. The paper explains the implications of project politics stresses that a Project Manager needs to acknowledge politics as a fact of organizational project life. It focuses on the fact that it is important to learn to cultiv ate appropriate political tactics as they decide whether it is healthy or unhealthy give characteristics of political behavior like underlying attitudes, techniques etc. Politics if not handled on time may lead to conflicts within the organization so a Project manager needs to acknowledge politics and manage it accordingly. The article suggests some measures to be adopted by Project manager such as the need to employ certain tactics such as conduct performance appraisals on their project team subordinates as it helps in sending a clear message throughout the members that the projects are valuable project contributions among team members will be remembered rewarded. The Project Manager needs to learn the art of influencing by developing a reputation as an expert, and also suggests a Project Manager to develop good negotiating skills recognize that conflict is a natural side effect of project management. These tactics as suggested can help Project managers in dealing with politics hence would prevent conflict within the team. This article gives a good understanding of politics which generally is neglected by Project managers. Organizational politics is one of the important factors responsible for conflicts in an organization but this factor many times is neglected. Conflict if avoided can lead to difficult situations. . Managers at all levels of an organization should be attentive to enhancing employee perceptions of organizational justice in order to encourage the use of more cooperative styles for organizational conflict management.[10] There needs to be more emphasis on project team relationship as it can be one of the causes of politics and hence can lead to conflicts. Unwillingness to cooperate is one of the major reasons for failed teams leading to conflicts Hence, successful project completion depends to a large extent on members being able to work together effectively.[4] This article helps to draw attention towards the importance of politics provides effective project implementation techniques w hich may help in avoiding conflicts arising from politics. But it does not provide any empirical data proving the theories mentioned. The paper concludes that politics and project management are interlinked a project cannot be run without understanding politics. Politics is not necessarily evil but depends on how it is used that decides its effect. Managers do not understand the importance of politics many times but they need to understand that politics is ubiquitous; that is it operates across organizations functional boundaries.. Successful Project Managers are aware that politics, if used judiciously can have an extraordinary positive impact on the implementation of their projects.. SUMMARY: The journals provide a clear understanding of project, project management, roles responsibilities of a project manager, conflicts unexpected events in an organization the ways in which a Project manager could successfully manage them. All the journals focus on one point which is that a successful Project Manager requires a sound project management practices for any project management system to be effective, a project must be managed by a Project Manager who exhibits high quality managerial attributes knows to handle unanticipated situations in a project life-cycle. The research sponsored by the CII( Construction Industry Institute) in the first paper-Project Quality Project Manager highlights the importance of a quality Project Manager as one of the basic factors required for the success of a project. The paper specifies some suggestions to improve the Project manager effectiveness such as increased pre-appointment training, Establishing a mentor system, careful selection of potential Project Manager etc. The second journal article-Conflict its Management presents a broad analysis of conflict its management. This article stresses on the fact that conflict is inevitable in an organization can be handled by disputants themselves or by third parties such as Project Manager. Again this article stresses on the importance of the managerial qualities required in a Project Manager to handle conflict effectively. It provides suggestions for Project Managers to overcome conflict. These include: Project Manager should not always avoid conflict, should identify the issues carve them down to manageable set etc. Both the journal papers suggests that an effort needs to be made to identify develop key management skills that may be unique to the project management environment. The third journal -Project Managers response to unexpected events opines that projects can face unexpected events studies how Project Managers respond to such events. The article examines some events but found that human behavior issues predominantly led to failure while all other types of events could be managed either successfully or unsuccessfully. It identifies three pillars on which success response was dependent: Response functioning structure(high degree of freedom, rapid decision making implementation etc); good interpersonal relationship( Engagement with stakeholders, communication relationship between people involved) competent people( competence of leader team, behavior including self awareness ability to deal with stressful situations). The fourth journal paper- Understanding the role of politics in project management identifies organizational politics as one of the causes of conflict reveals that successful project management is linked to the ability of a Project Manager to understand its importance to make it work for project success. It states that project politics are interlinked it is up to what Project managers do depends on their ability to effectively manage not only the technical aspect of their job but also the behavioral side as well. It also focuses on the behavioral issues which need to be effectively handled by a Project Manger by understanding the dynamics of conflict process by learning to cultivate appropriate political tactics. It can be summarized that a project is an endeavor undertaken to meet specified goals objectives is usually constrained by time, scope budget. The discipline of planning, organizing managing resources to bring about the successful completion of such goals objectives during a project is known as Project management. A project manager is vital indispensable in any project. It is the Project manager who is accountable for accomplishing the objectives goals during a project life-cycle. The key project manger responsibilities include clear attainable project objectives, building the requisite environment, managing all the constraints of project, managing all unexpected events during a project such as conflicts etc. The quality of Project Manager is critical to achieving project success. Project Managers should emphasize different attributes at different stages of a project to be more effective. A project manager needs to understand that projects are inherently uncertain should be ready to manage them by understanding their importance make them work for project success. Proper skills in dealing with conflict can assist project managers and other organization members to handle and effectively resolve conflicts which can lead to a more productive organization as a whole. Using Project management principles and applying them gives the project manager the ability to establish success measures, incorporate quality principles, resolve conflicts and unexpected events, address future risk before becoming a problem, work within the scope of the project etc. The Project manager must have a combination of above average leadership human relations skills and administrative experience. Project performance is affected by the effective application of project management principles by a project manager. An effective Project manager should be capable of making decisions, communicate actions eliciting the commitment of team members. An effective Project Manager needs to diagnose conflict manage it by various methodologies such as improving communication, encourage joint responsibilities, create new alternatives, instill a co-operative, problem solving attitude between the conflicting groups. Successful project manager understand that project management skills if used judiciously can have an extra-ordinary impact on the successful implementation of their projects. Great successful organizations have always believed in idea generators executors for overall excellence. Project Manager is expected to have both qualities and the ability to handle all events during the course of a project. Effective instrumental leadership abilities initiatives have always lend a Midas touch to the organization. Since the aim of the study to be done is to analyze Project Managers roles and responsibilities and define attributes required in a Project Manager to prevent conflict during a project life cycle, these journals help in supporting the fact that Project Managers are one of the important factors required for project success. These journals define the various conflicts, its causes and explore the characteristics required in a Project manager to overcome unexpected events during a project. This would help in the further study of the current research and help in achieving the objectives of the research.

Music and the Leit Motif in Hamlet :: Free GCSE Coursework

Music and the Leit Motif in Hamlet Throughout William Shakespeare's Hamlet, many leit motifs were seen. If the definition of a allegorical symbol was used for the concept of a leit motif, music was a leit motif in Hamlet. Music was repetitively brought up, in the play, and was also used by Shakespeare as a means of portraying the concept of being played upon. The flute was used to illustrate how Hamlet and Claudius played upon others and each other. Ophelia and other characters sang while they were mad, or dealing with mad characters. The use of music in Hamlet tied in with the concepts of Apolonian verse Dionysian, spying and lying, madness, poetry verse prose, and the burden of revenge on a thinking man. Possibly the most obvious case of music being used as a lead in for the idea of one playing upon another was seen in Act 4 Sc. 1, on lines 25-38. At this point in the play, Hamlet was confronted by Guildenstern, as Guildenstern made an attempt to spy on Hamlet. Hamlet countered Guildenstern's inquiry when he questioned him as to if he could not play a pipe, how could Guildenstern expect to play Hamlet, when he stated "You would play upon me†¦do you think I am easier to be played on than a pipe? Call me what instrument you will, you cannot play upon me." (Act 3. Sc. 2. Ln. 394-402). Hamlet then likened flute playing to lying, when he stated that "It is as easy as lying." (Act 3. Sc. 2 Ln. 387) Though Guildenstern attempted to play upon Hamlet, it was a futile attempt, as even Guildenstern admitted that he did "not have the skill" (Act 3. Sc. 2. Ln. 392) to play upon Hamlet. If being played upon was linked to music through the previously mentioned scene, three other major instances of characters were seen were one character played upon another. The first of these cases, were Hamlet put on the play to trick Claudius, was also in Act 3 Scene 2. Hamlet put on the play to prove to himself that the ghost's words were true and that Claudius did indeed kill his father. Claudius was successfully played upon when he stormed out of the play at the exact point where the player king was brought back to life. The play tied the leit

Communication in Health and Social Care

Communication in Health and Social Care BY chrtssy7694 Different forms of communication. In these two sections I am going to identify the four different forms of communication and later on I am going to describe them all briefly. Pl) Identify different forms of communication. Verbal Communication Non-verbal communication Written communication Technological aids MI) Describe different forms of communication. Verbal communication: Verbal communication is when one make use of a spoken language to show his or her opinion or simply Just to communicate with others.Verbal ommunication has a wide range of purposes. The most obvious function is that verbal communication is the main procedure when it comes to communicate with others. Also the purpose of verbal communication is to show one needs, desires, and ideas but above all it serves in the course of teaching and learning. Apart from all the purposes mentioned above, verbal communication can be used to form better relationship and building relationships with others.Non-verbal communication: Nonverbal communication refers to the actions that one make to communicate with others apart rom the obvious ones like speaking or writing. This form of communication includes: facial expressions, body language (hand movement, head movement), eye contact, proximity, posture, appearance, signs, symbols and pictures. It can be more efficient and sometimes more than verbal communication. Body language is all the body movements that one makes to express his or her feelings.This include how one stands, the way that someone is walking or simply Just the way one moves can give signs of how we are feeling. Another type of non-verbal communication is gestures. Hand movement, facial expression, head movement and even body postures are all gestures. Signs, symbols and pictures can be used tor example by workers to indicate some sort of work in progress in the streets. Another important type of non-verbal communication is the use of sign lang uage.This type is very useful to those who have hearing problems for example, someone deaf can use lip reading or hand signals to communicate with others. Even more there are those actions which we do them involuntary, we Just do them automatically which show how we are feeling, for xample: when someone is has a slumped posture it shows sadness. Written communication: This form of communication means a lot in todays life. Writing is more effective and formal than speech because writing is something permanent while speech is something that when it is said it can be forgotten.Even more writing can serve as a proof on something or someone or Just it can be records about a patient or some medicines. Written communication can be practiced in any business sector, for example in the health and social care area. When someone is sing written communication as his way of communication he needs to know how to include the right choice of words, write sentences in the correct Technological aids: In this present day technology is advancing a lot and we have many technologic aids that we can use to communicate with others.We have mobile phones to send text messages to someone and we can even call them. Apart from this computers help us to communication even worldwide with others or save some information. Technologic aids can help disabled person to communicate more freely without being reliant on others, or example nowadays in movies one can choose to enable subtitles so that one can understand better the movie.Another good example is the voice box which was invented by Professor Stephen Hawking which can convert small movements into speech. (Sian Lavers, Helen Lancaster, Howarth Elizabeth,Higgins Heather, 2010) From these two sections one can notice how people can interact with each other in different forms of way. One can even know if someone is really interested in what he is saying or not. Even more by examining the other person and keep eye contact one can have a good co nversation. Communication in Health and Social Care BTEC Level 3 National Diploma in Health and Social Care. Unit 1: Communication in Health and Social Care. P1: Create an article for the ‘Nursing Times’ magazine. Effective communication in a Hospital setting. In the health and social care setting, two types of communication take place in one-to-one and group communication. These are formal and informal communication. You may take part in a few one–to–one situations. This may be with staff and staff, staff with patients and staff with the patient family. Also as staff you may find yourself in group situation with the patient and a number of the patient’s family members. Related reading: Evaluate the Effectiveness of Agreed Methods of Communication With An IndividualThe usual form of language in a group conversation if formal but in formal is also used as well depending on the circumstance. There are a number of factors that influence effective communication within both one-to-one interactions and group interactions. These are formal, informal, verbal, and non-verbal skills. One-to-one Communication. In a hospital, communication takes place more frequently than informal interactions. Formal interactions will be between staff and staff, staff with patients and staff with family members.Formal interactions are very effective in one-to-ones because it is polite and medical terms are used to make it sound more professional in a serious matter. Formal communication is effective when used by staff because it is a professional way of communicating important information. Informal communications is used only in curtain circumstances not in all because it is n ot always polite to be informal with everyone all the time but using informal communication can lighten up the mood and make the patient feel better about the situation.Verbal and non-verbal communication is used everyday by every staff member in the hospital setting so it is vital that the staff know how to communicate correctly. Verbal communication is when you are talking to a person. You should be confident so that the person that you are speaking to is reassured that you know what you are talking about. You should also be listening to what the person says carefully because you want to make that person feel better about being in the situation they are in. Non-verbal communication covers body language, proximity, posture, hand gestures and facial expressions.You can use this effectively by using these things well in the right way. E. g. when you are talking to someone in a one-to-one you should be standing/ sitting straight and making eye contact. Jargon and slang are used in the hospital between staff and staff when communicating. Jargon is more medical terminology, so when an incident occurs then the staff can use jargon to make the staff fell more confident so they are not embarrassed. Jargon is an universal language so it can be used by everyone which is an advantage. Slang is a terminology that continues to change.It is an informal way of communicating and is used normally between staff with staff and staff with patients. Slang also covers nicknames or terms for patients they are talking about. It can be used effectively to protect the identity of the patient they are discussing over which can add humour to very stressful situations. Group Communication. Group communication can take place between staff, patients and family members. It can also take place between a group of professionals. Both formal and informal communication is used.Again, formal communication is used more often in a group conversation. Group conversations are effective because it let s more people know important information and more ideas and opinions can be shared. Informal conversation can be used to make patients feel patients feel better about the situation and can be quite humorous but if it is used in the wrong circumstance people can be offended by what is said in a jokey manner. In a group conversation verbal communication is important because it is key to make sure that each person involved knows what is being said and each person can participate.When talking in a group it is effective to speak loud and clear so that the patient and family members know what you are saying. Also, having a good posture when talking is also effective because you will then come across as positive. Non-verbal communication is just as important as verbal communication when talking in a group. Body language is effective because it lets other people know that you are positive and confident about what they do. Jargon is generally used in group communication between staff profess ionals because it is not a professional way to communicate to patients and family members with.It is effective when used between colleagues because it is a universal language so when staff from different countries communicate Jargon can be used to tell the other hospital what has happened. Slang is only used when staff are by their own so if staff are having a group meeting then slang is usually used. Written communication is used to communicate between staff and staff. E. g a board of notes about each patient is used to communicate in a ward without having to spent time to find each other when they could just write it down.Writing, good hand writing and reading skills are need to communicate through written communication. When written communication takes place, it needs to be clear and neat with good grammar. Signs and symbols are used everywhere in hospitals. E. g no smoking, directions etc. They are effective by communicating information to people who need it where they are. It c an communicate to many people without any human communication. Also with people with different cultures and languages can all understand what the signs and symbols mean. Communication in Health and Social Care BTEC Level 3 National Diploma in Health and Social Care. Unit 1: Communication in Health and Social Care. P1: Create an article for the ‘Nursing Times’ magazine. Effective communication in a Hospital setting. In the health and social care setting, two types of communication take place in one-to-one and group communication. These are formal and informal communication. You may take part in a few one–to–one situations. This may be with staff and staff, staff with patients and staff with the patient family. Also as staff you may find yourself in group situation with the patient and a number of the patient’s family members. Related reading: Evaluate the Effectiveness of Agreed Methods of Communication With An IndividualThe usual form of language in a group conversation if formal but in formal is also used as well depending on the circumstance. There are a number of factors that influence effective communication within both one-to-one interactions and group interactions. These are formal, informal, verbal, and non-verbal skills. One-to-one Communication. In a hospital, communication takes place more frequently than informal interactions. Formal interactions will be between staff and staff, staff with patients and staff with family members.Formal interactions are very effective in one-to-ones because it is polite and medical terms are used to make it sound more professional in a serious matter. Formal communication is effective when used by staff because it is a professional way of communicating important information. Informal communications is used only in curtain circumstances not in all because it is n ot always polite to be informal with everyone all the time but using informal communication can lighten up the mood and make the patient feel better about the situation.Verbal and non-verbal communication is used everyday by every staff member in the hospital setting so it is vital that the staff know how to communicate correctly. Verbal communication is when you are talking to a person. You should be confident so that the person that you are speaking to is reassured that you know what you are talking about. You should also be listening to what the person says carefully because you want to make that person feel better about being in the situation they are in. Non-verbal communication covers body language, proximity, posture, hand gestures and facial expressions.You can use this effectively by using these things well in the right way. E. g. when you are talking to someone in a one-to-one you should be standing/ sitting straight and making eye contact. Jargon and slang are used in the hospital between staff and staff when communicating. Jargon is more medical terminology, so when an incident occurs then the staff can use jargon to make the staff fell more confident so they are not embarrassed. Jargon is an universal language so it can be used by everyone which is an advantage. Slang is a terminology that continues to change.It is an informal way of communicating and is used normally between staff with staff and staff with patients. Slang also covers nicknames or terms for patients they are talking about. It can be used effectively to protect the identity of the patient they are discussing over which can add humour to very stressful situations. Group Communication. Group communication can take place between staff, patients and family members. It can also take place between a group of professionals. Both formal and informal communication is used.Again, formal communication is used more often in a group conversation. Group conversations are effective because it let s more people know important information and more ideas and opinions can be shared. Informal conversation can be used to make patients feel patients feel better about the situation and can be quite humorous but if it is used in the wrong circumstance people can be offended by what is said in a jokey manner. In a group conversation verbal communication is important because it is key to make sure that each person involved knows what is being said and each person can participate.When talking in a group it is effective to speak loud and clear so that the patient and family members know what you are saying. Also, having a good posture when talking is also effective because you will then come across as positive. Non-verbal communication is just as important as verbal communication when talking in a group. Body language is effective because it lets other people know that you are positive and confident about what they do. Jargon is generally used in group communication between staff profess ionals because it is not a professional way to communicate to patients and family members with.It is effective when used between colleagues because it is a universal language so when staff from different countries communicate Jargon can be used to tell the other hospital what has happened. Slang is only used when staff are by their own so if staff are having a group meeting then slang is usually used. Written communication is used to communicate between staff and staff. E. g a board of notes about each patient is used to communicate in a ward without having to spent time to find each other when they could just write it down.Writing, good hand writing and reading skills are need to communicate through written communication. When written communication takes place, it needs to be clear and neat with good grammar. Signs and symbols are used everywhere in hospitals. E. g no smoking, directions etc. They are effective by communicating information to people who need it where they are. It c an communicate to many people without any human communication. Also with people with different cultures and languages can all understand what the signs and symbols mean.

Pinocytosis Definition and Examples

Essay about The Catcher in the Rye by Holden Caulfied

Coming of age is the transition of a person from childhood to adulthood. The Catcher in the Rye is portrayed through the mind of Holden Caulfield. This book portrays Holden as a maniac because he is recalling his three day story to a psychoanalyst from a mental hospital. Holden is fighting that fine line between being an adult and a child. However, he does not want to grow up and become an adult because of the growing responsibilities that come with being an adult, the loss of innocence associated with growing up, and the phoniness of that comes with growing into an adult. Holden is afraid of growing up because of the growing responsibilities that come with being an adult. This is clearly shown through him failing classes at†¦show more content†¦My parents would be the ones. So that was out,† (Salinger 59). Although his parents have kept shoving Holden away he should have been responsible and called his parents and face his consequences. However, Holden is too afraid of the growing responsibilities that come with growing up. Therefore, Holden does not want to grow up because of the growing responsibilities that come with becoming an adult. In addition, Holden does not want to grow up because of the loss of innocence that is associated with growing up. Throughout the story Holden always shows that he loves children and their innocence. For example, in the beginning when Holden is writing the composition for Stradlater, he describes Allie’s purity. â€Å"He was two years younger than I was, but he was about fifty times as intelligent. He was terrifically intelligent †¦ But it wasnt just that he was the most intelligent member in the family. He was also the nicest, in lots of ways. He never got mad at anybody,† (Salinger 38). Holden describes how pure Allie is by saying how he was fifty times as intelligent he was even though Allie was two years younger than he was. Also, Holden talked about how Allie never got mad at anybody. Even though this could be true, I haven’t seen younger kids not get mad. This shows how he is describing Allie’s purity. Another way Holden shows that he doe s not want to grow up isShow MoreRelatedAmerican Library Association Vs. Salinger s The Catcher s The Rye 1230 Words   |  5 Pages J.D. Salinger’s, The Catcher in the Rye, holds the honor of appearing on â€Å"Time† magazine’s 2010 list of the 100 best English-language novels written since 1923 (Lacayo). In contrast, the American Library Association (ALA) notes that the novel also holds the dubious honor of being the tenth most challenged book in the United States from 1990 to 1999. In 2001, 2005, and 2009 the book again made the ALA top ten most frequently challenged book list (Banned and Challenged Books). In the lightRead MoreThe Secrets of a Teenage Life900 Words   |  4 Pagescharacter Holden Caulfield by both physical actions and expressed emotions in the book The Catcher in the Rye. The overall main message of the book is to express the troubles that are involved with growing up in the adolescence years, to Holden Caulfied, the main charac ter of the book, growing up involves dealing with the phoniness of others and just not caring about much that is expected of life. Many negative effects come out of the adolescence years in the eyes of J.D Salingers, Holden Caulfield

Odysseus V Telemachus Essay - 1469 Words

Jon Dunlap 3/8/12 Odysseus v Telemachus Period 2 â€Å"Maturity has more to do with what types of experiences youve had, and what youve learned from them, and less to do with how many birthdays youve celebrated.† – Anonymous (Thinkexist.com). Maturity is a key theme during the journeys of Telemachus and Odysseus. In Homer’s Odyssey the journeys of Telemachus and Odysseus have many similarities and differences such as their common goal and the lessons they learn; and only by overcoming these obstacles are they able to become emotionally stronger and find success in Ithaca. Odysseus and Telemachus’ respective journeys have many similarities such as the common enemy the share and the goal they are fighting towards. First,†¦show more content†¦Odysseus and Telemachus have one final thing in common on their journeys; they are both aided by Athena. Athena had been an ally of Odysseus since the Trojan War, mainly because she reminded him of herself. Throughout The Odyssey Athena aides both heroes on several occasions; Athena begs her father Zeus to allow her to aid Odysseus, so he can go home to his family, Father, son of [Kronos], King of kings, it served Aegisthus right †¦ it is for [Odysseus] that my heart bleeds, when I think of his sufferings in that lonely sea-girt island, far away, poor man, from all his friends† (Butler BK 1). Athena helps Telemachus by getting him his ship and crew before the journey to search for word of Odysseus, and develops a bond with both of them throughout the story. Despite the many similarities, Odysseus and Telemachus are very different; as evidenced by the way they behave, their respective upbringings, and the lessons they learn. The first main difference between Odysseus and Telemachus is the way they behave under pressure. Odysseus, having had many years of experience and the gift of persuasive speaking, tends to handle problems with patience and careful planning. This can be seen as he charms Nausicaa into aiding him on Scheria, O queen, he said, I implore your aid- but tell me, are you a goddess or are you a mortalShow MoreRelatedConflict in The Odyssey Essay998 Words   |  4 Pagessecond oldest surviving Greek text. The story contains many conflicts such as man v god, man v himself, and man v society. This paper will explore some of the important conflicts in this classic tale. Man v god is the most important conflict in the story. Towards the beginning of the story Odysseus goes to war against the Trojans and wins. What he doesn’t know is that the great God Poseidon favored Odysseus and his army and helped them win the Trojan War. Poseidon becomes very angry with Odysseus’sRead More Essay on the Double Meanings of The Odyssey995 Words   |  4 Pagesmeanings. The double meanings of these symbols are used to represent Odysseus and Telemachus as they strive to meet each other. While each symbol has a meaning that represents the growth of Telemachus, each one also represents, by another meaning, the growth and development of Odysseus. When they meet for the first time, the symbols, and the character traits that they represent confluence, and the resemblance between Odysseus and Telemachus becomes complete. One of the main ideas running throughoutRead MoreEssay on Epithet Chart for Homers Odyssey, Robert Fagles594 Words   |  3 Pages______ ____________ Odysseus: -â€Å"the man of twists and turns† (I.1) -â€Å"Great Odysseus† (I.228) -â€Å"King Odysseus† (I.456) -â€Å"godlike man† (II.261) -â€Å"Odysseus of Ithaca† (II.277) -â€Å"Worldly Odysseus† (V.237) -â€Å"Long-enduring Odysseus† (V.538) -â€Å"Worldly-Wise† (VII.200) -â€Å"Long-suffering great Odysseus† (VII.210) -â€Å"Diplomatic† (VII.346) -â€Å"Odysseus, raider of cities† (VIII.3) -â€Å"Great teller of tales† (IX.1) -â€Å"shining Odysseus† (XI.230) -â€Å"Deft and tactful Odysseus† (XI.404) Athena: -â€Å"sparkling-eyed†Read More Use of Epithets In Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey Essay774 Words   |  4 Pages Throughout The Iliad and The Odyssey, Homer’s use of the epithet in describing Odysseus becomes essential as a means of characterizing the hero. Homer uses several epithets, or nicknames, along with the name â€Å"Odysseus† as the story unfolds in both tales. Three of these include the descriptive epithet â€Å"wily Odysseus,† the laudative epithet â€Å"Odysseus, the great tactician,† and the patronymic epithet â€Å"Odysseus Laertiades.† Besides their obvious descriptive qualities, each of these epithets functionRead More The Maturation of Telemachus in Homers Odyssey Essays890 Words   |  4 PagesThe Maturation of Telemachus in Homers Odyssey       The Odyssey was a great book in which many characters were brought out and developed.   The most significant development that occured in the epic was the development of Telemachus.   Telemachus is a very complex character that Homer develops from beginning to end.   From the beginning when is a mere shadow of his father to near the end in which he is considered just as courageous.   Many factors influence Telemachus as he matures intoRead MoreThe Odyssey By Homer And The 1997 Movie Analysis1265 Words   |  6 Pagesrelationship would be Odysseus and his son, Telemachus. Odysseus leaves to battle right after his son was born. Odysseus didn t return until twenty years later, so Telemachus never grew up with a father figure. While gone, Odysseus promised himself that he would get back home to his son and wife. While he is gone, Telemachus wants to find out more about this father that he has never met. Telemachus never gives up on his father even when people told h im that he was dead. Telemachus even goes on a dangerousRead MoreCompare And Contrast The Odyssey And The Hobbit1472 Words   |  6 Pagesfrom a general perspective. If we look closer however you discover that for Odysseus, the main character of The Odyssey, this is about his journey home, while in The Hobbit the main character, Bilbo Baggins, is about to experience his first journey away from home. You can also gather from taking a closer look that both of these stories have two main characters each. In the Odyssey you have Odysseus and his son Telemachus, and in The Hobbit you have Bilbo, and the King under the Mountain Thorin, IRead MoreThe Odyssey By The Homer1976 Words   |  8 Pagespraised for its sophistication, complexity and thematic consistency. The book talks about Odysseus journey home to find his son and wife. It also talks about everything he encountered on his journey. The story of the Odyssey started after the fall of Troy. This was the reason why Odysseus decided to go back home to see his son and wife. In the beginning of the book the reader is first introduced to Odysseus on his way to find his son. It all started after he was released from the goddess CalypsoRead More Essay on Names in The Odyssey and The Bible1634 Words   |  7 Pagesshown through the hero, Odysseus.   While traveling home from the Trojan War, Odysseus, in effect, loses his title, land, and power for twenty years.   He remains with nothing but his name to speak for his character and person.   As he himself says at the beginning of Book IX when beginning to tell his story to the Phaiacians, â€Å"First of all I will tell you my name, and then you may count me one of your friends if I live to reach my home, although that is far away.   I am Odysseus Laertiades, a name wellRead More Importance of the Telemachy in Developing Major Themes of Odyssey3687 Words   |   15 Pagesfamed hero until we are well into Book V, on Calypsos island of Ogygia. However, during these introductory four books, we learn of the situation in Ithaca, Odysseus plight, some of the most important themes of the story and of course Odysseus son Telemachus. Homer keeps us in suspense, building the reputation of Odysseus by the stories of Menelaus, Helen, Nestor and all Odysseus friends in Ithaca. Also, by building up the character and heroism of Telemachus, we are impressed by him, and as Athene

Mixed Hair, Mixed Me free essay sample

Growing up, Wednesdays were the bane of my existence. My white mother would tug and pull at my tangled curls lathered in sweetly scented conditioner while I, her helpless biracial child, cried my eyes out from sheer pain and frustration. Looking back, I could have spared washing my hair twice a week, but my mother and I probably could not have dealt with the emotional stress of the occasion. Every day I would wear my hair in one of the two hairstyles my mother could manage: a braided ponytail or pigtails. As a child of mixed race raised by a single white mother, I wanted nothing but long, straight, hair like my friends had. I wanted to be able to wear my hair down, swoop it out of my face or tuck it behind my ears. I begged my mother for wigs and hairpieces—anything that would make my hair less of a hassle. We will write a custom essay sample on Mixed Hair, Mixed Me or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page She never obliged, and I would continuously long for more manageable hair. I was living in denial. I refused to accept the fact that I was different, even though deep down, I knew it was true. I did not look like my friends, whether they were white, black, Hispanic, or Asian. I always felt like the odd one out, and like any little girl, I desperately wanted to fit in. When I was twelve, a friend with similar hair to my own came to school with hers chemically relaxed. Astonished at the fact that her hair had gone from curly to straight overnight, I begged my mother until she finally agreed to take me to the hair salon. We drove thirty minutes one Saturday morning to a predominately African-American part of town. It was the first time I had been to a â€Å"black† hair salon. The whole place smelled of chemicals, flat irons, and burned hair, but I did not care. I would have gone to the ends of the earth to have straight hair. The process was long and painful. The feeling of chemicals literally burning my scalp was not pleasant, but well worth it; in a few hours, I would have pin straight hair like Barbie. The results were amazing. I sat in front of the mirror for hours just touching my hair and marveling at my self-improvement. Of course, the euphoria did not last long. I soon discovered that my hair would never look as good as it did when the hairdresser treated it. Although I spent hours in my tiny, hot bathroom making sure every piece was pin-straight, it never did look the same. I cut it shorter, thinking it would look better—it did not. It failed to make me the one thing I wanted to be: normal. On the second-to-last day of my sophomore year, I wore my hair curly and down. I do not know why I did, maybe I was just lazy that morning, but it felt wonderful. I was free—free of the pressure to be what I was not: white. My friends commented on how good my hair looked, and, for the first time in my life, I felt comfortable in my own mixed skin. My hair is big, wild, and difficult to manage, but I absolutely love it. I no longer let it define who I am. As I have grown older and my hair has changed, so have I as a person. Slowly but surely, I am becoming my own self. I am comfortable being me. I am neither black nor white; my hair is neither â€Å"nappy† nor â€Å"silky†; I am neither â€Å"ratchet† nor â€Å"prissy,† nor any other stereotype of blacks and whites. I am just me, Solina, the biracial girl who has finally accepted me for who I am, and I will not let anyone, especially myself, change that.